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Every listing serves the disabled community.

Disabled-Owned

Founded (at least half of founders), or 51%+ owned, operated, or controlled, by people with disabilities.

Disabled-Designed

Created, developed or produced by people with disabilities

Disabled-Solution

Solves a problem for people with disabilities

Every listing helps a disability.

These definitions are sourced from named authorities listed in each one. Links to Amplife® collections are added by us for navigation. Citing a source does not mean that the source endorses Amplife®.

All

Able to serve the entire disabled community, such as a communal event, or an empowering t-shirt that is not specific to one disability or certain disabilities. Listings that help "All" disabilities will be placed in all other Disability Helped collections, such as "Amputation / Limb Difference" and "Neurological Disorder".

Amputation / Limb Difference

Amputation is the loss or removal of a body part such as a finger, toe, hand, foot, arm or leg [1]. The Amputee Coalition defines it as the cutting off of a limb or part of a limb [4].

Limb Difference is the partial or complete absence of or malformation of limbs.

Babies with congenital limb differences are born with arms, legs, fingers, or toes that are missing, not fully formed, or formed differently [7].

Signs of a congenital limb difference include [7]:

  • Complete or partial absence of a limb, such as fibula hemimelia or a partial or completely missing bone
  • Overgrowth, where one limb is much larger than the other
  • Undergrowth, where one limb is much smaller than the other
  • A portion of the limb that is fused or webbed, commonly seen in fingers or toes
  • Duplication, commonly seen as extra fingers or toes

Most congenital limb differences occur with no known cause [7]. A congenital anomaly is a birth malformation such as an absent or poorly developed limb [4].

An amputation can be traumatic, the result of an injury, or acquired, the surgical removal of a limb or limbs due to complications associated with disease or trauma [4].

Limb length inequality is when one leg or arm is shorter than the other. It can be caused by a previous fracture, trauma to a growth plate or a previous infection. Genetic conditions or syndromes can also result in one limb being longer than the other [2].

In the United States there are more than 5.6 million people living with limb loss and limb difference. Of those, nearly 2.3 million are living with limb loss and another 3.4 million are living with limb difference [8].

That estimate does not include everyone. The analysis could not account for individuals who are uninsured or covered by Veterans Affairs or TRICARE [8]. Historically, individuals born with limb differences are a subgroup that has been all but ignored in previous research [8].

Levels of amputation [4]:

  • AK (above-the-knee): A specific level of amputation, also known as transfemoral
  • BK (below-the-knee): A specific level of amputation, also known as transtibial
  • AE (above-the-elbow): A specific level of amputation, also known as transhumeral
  • BE (below-the-elbow): A specific level of amputation, also known as transradial
  • Partial foot amputation: An amputation at the metatarsal section of the foot
  • Transmetatarsal amputation: An amputation through the metatarsal section of the foot bone
  • HP (hemipelvectomy): Similar in scope to the hip disarticulation, the HP also removes approximately half of the pelvis
  • SD (shoulder disarticulation): An amputation through the shoulder joint
  • Wrist disarticulation (WD): An amputation through the wrist
  • Forequarter amputation: An amputation of the arm, shoulder, clavicle, and scapula

A disarticulation is an amputation of a limb through the joint, without cutting any bone, performed at the hip, knee, ankle, shoulder, elbow and wrist levels [4].

Some amputations are known by the name of the procedure rather than by level.

A Symes amputation is an amputation through the ankle joint that retains the fatty heel pad portion and is intended to provide end weight bearing [4]. A Chopart amputation is a disarticulation at the midtarsal joint of the foot [4], and at the talonavicular and calcaneocuboid level [5]. Boyd's reconstruction for hindfoot amputations is a technique that retains the calcaneus and fuses it with the distal tibia at the ankle mortise [9]. A Lisfranc amputation is a disarticulation at the tarsometatarsal level [5].

Van Ness Rotationplasty is a reconstruction in which the ankle joint is used as a substitute for the knee. A portion of the femur and knee joint is removed, the ankle is brought up to the level of the original knee, turned 180 degrees and reattached to the femur, and the thigh is adjusted to appropriate length. A person who would otherwise require an above-the-knee amputation then functions as a below-the-knee amputee [4]. Cleveland Clinic classifies rotationplasty as a limb salvage procedure, an alternative to amputation above the knee [10].

The residual limb is the portion of the arm or leg remaining after an amputation, sometimes referred to as a stump or residuum [4].

A bilateral amputee is a person who is missing or has had amputated both arms or both legs. A unilateral amputation affects only one side of the body [4]. Contralateral means originating in or affecting the opposite side of the body [4]. Merriam-Webster defines a quadruple amputee as a person who has lost all or part of both legs and both arms [12].

In the United States, a K level is a scale used by Medicare to rate a person's rehabilitation potential, and many private insurance companies follow Medicare's example to establish coverage guidelines. It is a rating from 0 to 4 used to predict potential success with a prosthesis, and it can change over time as a person improves in their ability to wear and use the prosthesis. The K level matters because an insurance company uses it to decide what type of prosthetic device, and which specific components such as the knee and foot, they will cover [3]:

  • K0: A person who does not have the ability or potential to ambulate or transfer safely with or without assistance. A prosthesis does not enhance quality of life or mobility
  • K1: A person who has the ability or potential to use a prosthesis for transfers or ambulation on level surfaces at fixed walking speeds. Typical of the limited and unlimited household ambulator
  • K2: A person who has the ability or potential for ambulation with the ability to traverse low-level environmental barriers such as curbs, stairs, or uneven surfaces. Typical of the limited community ambulator
  • K3: A person who has the ability or potential for ambulation with variable cadence. Typical of the community ambulator who has the ability to traverse most environmental barriers and may have vocational, therapeutic, or exercise activity that demands prosthesis use beyond simple locomotion
  • K4: A person who has the ability or potential for prosthesis ambulation that exceeds basic ambulation skills, exhibiting high impact, stress, or energy levels. Typical of the prosthetic device demands of the child, active adult, or athlete

Variability and subjectivity in assigning or predicting the K level may inadvertently lead to inefficient or inappropriate matching. This can occur if a person receives a prosthesis allowed for lower K levels when one allowed only for higher K levels would enable better function, or if a person receives a prosthesis approved for higher K levels which might be unnecessarily complex for someone who would have equivalent or better function with a simpler component [11].

Under the regulations implementing the Americans with Disabilities Act, the musculoskeletal system is a body system and anatomical loss affecting it is a physical impairment. Disability includes a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more of the major life activities of an individual [6].

[1] “Amputation.” Johns Hopkins Medicine.

[2] “Limb Length Inequality.” Johns Hopkins Medicine.

[3] “Prosthetic FAQs for the New Amputee.” Amputee Coalition.

[4] “Definitions.” Amputee Coalition.

[5] “Lisfranc and Chopart amputation: A systematic review.” PMC9997832.

[6] “29 CFR 1630.2, Definitions.” Code of Federal Regulations.

[7] “Congenital Limb Differences.” Boston Children's Hospital.

[8] “5.6 Million++ Americans are Living with Limb Loss and Limb Difference.” Amputee Coalition.

[9] “Boyd Amputation Using the Tension Band Technique.” PMC7376589.

[10] “Rotationplasty.” Cleveland Clinic.

[11] “Lower Limb Prostheses: Measurement Instruments, Comparison of Component Effects by Subgroups, and Long-Term Outcomes.” Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, U.S. National Library of Medicine, Bookshelf NBK531517.

[12] “Quadruple amputee.” Merriam-Webster.

Blindness / Low Vision

Blindness is not only defined medically by visual acuity, but also functionally by the alternative techniques a person needs in order to do everyday things.

A person is blind to the extent that they must devise alternative techniques to do efficiently those things they would do if they had typical vision, and may properly be said to be blind when so many alternative techniques are needed, if they are to function efficiently, that their pattern of daily living is substantially altered [1].

The National Federation of the Blind describes the generally accepted legal definition as visual acuity of not greater than 20/200 in the better eye with correction, or a field not subtending an angle greater than 20 degrees. It is a way of recognizing in medical and measurable terms something which must be defined not medically or physically but functionally [1].

A person has Low Vision when a vision problem makes it hard to do everyday activities and cannot be fixed with glasses, contact lenses, or other standard treatments such as medicine or surgery [3].

Low vision is more common in older adults because many of the diseases that can cause it are more common in older adults. Aging doesn't cause low vision on its own [3]. Eye and brain injuries and certain genetic disorders can also cause low vision [3].

Globally, at least 2.2 billion people have a near or distance vision impairment. Vision loss can affect people of all ages; however, most people with vision impairment and blindness are over the age of 50 years. Everyone, if they live long enough, will experience at least one eye condition in their lifetime that will require appropriate care [2].

Globally, the leading causes of vision impairment and blindness are refractive errors, cataract, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma and age-related macular degeneration [2].

Under the regulations implementing the Americans with Disabilities Act, the special sense organs are a body system and seeing is a major life activity. Disability includes a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more of the major life activities of an individual [5].

The Vision and Eye Health Surveillance System (VEHSS) reports prevalence of vision loss and blindness based on measured best corrected visual acuity in the better-seeing eye, for the following subgroups [4]:

  • "Normal vision": 20/12.5 – >20/32
  • Any vision loss: ≤20/32
  • Mild visual impairment: 20/32 – >20/80
  • Moderate visual impairment: 20/80 – >20/200
  • Visual impairment: 20/32 – >20/200
  • US defined blindness: ≤20/200
  • World Health Organization (WHO) defined blindness: ≤20/400
  • Missing: Missing acuity data in one or both eyes

[1] “A Definition of Blindness.” National Federation of the Blind.

[2] “Blindness and vision impairment.” World Health Organization.

[3] “Low Vision.” National Eye Institute.

[4] “Vision Loss and Blindness.” U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

[5] “29 CFR 1630.2, Definitions.” Code of Federal Regulations.

Deafness / Hearing Loss

Deafness is not only defined functionally by degree of hearing loss, but also sociologically by how people identify themselves.

How a person identifies is personal and may reflect identification with the deaf and hard of hearing community, the degree to which they can hear, or the relative age of onset [1].

The deaf and hard of hearing community is diverse. There are variations in how a person becomes deaf or hard of hearing, level of hearing, age of onset, educational background, communication methods, and cultural identity. Individuals can choose an audiological or cultural perspective. The NAD welcomes all Deaf, deaf, hard of hearing, late-deafened, and DeafBlind Americans [1].

A person who is not able to hear as well as someone with typical hearing (hearing thresholds of 20 dB or better in both ears) is said to have hearing loss. Hearing loss may be mild, moderate, moderately severe, severe or profound. It can affect one ear or both ears and leads to difficulty in hearing conversational speech or loud sounds. The prevalence of hearing loss increases with age [2].

Hard of hearing refers to people with hearing loss ranging from mild to severe. People who are hard of hearing usually communicate through spoken language and can benefit from hearing aids, cochlear implants, and other assistive devices as well as captioning. Deaf people mostly have profound hearing loss, which implies very little or no hearing. They can benefit from cochlear implants. Some of them use sign language for communication [2].

The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention describes four types of hearing loss in children [3]:

  • Conductive: caused by something that stops sounds from getting through the outer or middle ear, which can often be treated with medicine or surgery
  • Sensorineural: when there is a problem in the way the inner ear or hearing nerve works
  • Mixed: includes both a conductive and a sensorineural hearing loss
  • Auditory Neuropathy Spectrum Disorder: when sound enters the ear typically, but because of damage to the inner ear or the hearing nerve, sound isn't organized in a way that the brain can understand

Hearing loss has causes at every stage of life [2]:

  • Before birth: genetic factors, both hereditary and non-hereditary, and intrauterine infections such as rubella and cytomegalovirus infection
  • Around birth: birth asphyxia, severe jaundice in the neonatal period, low birth weight, and other perinatal morbidities and their management
  • In childhood and adolescence: chronic ear infections, collection of fluid in the ear, and meningitis and other infections
  • In adulthood and older age: chronic diseases, otosclerosis, and age-related and sudden sensorineural hearing loss
  • Across the whole life span: ear wax impaction, trauma to the ear or head, exposure to loud sounds, ototoxic medicines, work related ototoxic chemicals, nutritional deficiencies, viral infections and other ear conditions, and delayed onset or progressive genetic hearing loss

A hearing disorder may limit the development, comprehension, production and/or maintenance of speech and/or language [4].

Under the regulations implementing the Americans with Disabilities Act, the special sense organs are a body system and hearing is a major life activity. Disability includes a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more of the major life activities of an individual [5].

[1] “Community and Culture – Frequently Asked Questions.” National Association of the Deaf.

[2] “Deafness and hearing loss.” World Health Organization.

[3] “Types of Hearing Loss.” U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

[4] “Definitions of Communication Disorders and Variations.” American Speech-Language-Hearing Association.

[5] “29 CFR 1630.2, Definitions.” Code of Federal Regulations.

Mobility Impairment

Mobility Impairments are impairments of functioning relating to movement.

The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention describes mobility as moving and maintaining body positions, handling and moving objects, moving around in the environment, and moving around using transportation [2].

More than one in four adults in the United States, 28.7 percent, have some type of disability [2]. Mobility is the second most common type, affecting 12.2 percent of adults [3].

A mobility impairment often overlaps another category, including Amputation / Limb Difference, Paralysis / Spinal Cord Injury, Short Stature, Neurological Disorder and Seniors.

Under the regulations implementing the Americans with Disabilities Act, a physical impairment is any physiological disorder or condition, cosmetic disfigurement, or anatomical loss affecting one or more body systems, including the musculoskeletal and neurological systems [1].

The major life activities a mobility impairment can substantially limit include [1]:

  • Performing manual tasks
  • Walking
  • Standing
  • Sitting
  • Reaching
  • Lifting
  • Bending

An impairment does not have to be permanent. The effects of an impairment lasting or expected to last fewer than six months can be substantially limiting [1].

Disability includes a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more of the major life activities of an individual [1].

[1] “29 CFR 1630.2, Definitions.” Code of Federal Regulations.

[2] “Disability and Health Overview.” U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

[3] “Disability Impacts All of Us.” U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Neurological Disorder

Neurological Disorders are impairments of functioning relating to any condition that affects how the nervous system functions.

Neurological conditions are now the leading cause of ill health and disability worldwide. In 2021, more than 3 billion people worldwide were living with a neurological condition [1].

Neurological disorders cause physical, cognitive, emotional and behavioral symptoms such as pain, confusion, mood changes and/or coordination difficulties [2].

Ten conditions accounted for the largest share of neurological health loss in 2021 [1]:

  • Stroke
  • Neonatal encephalopathy
  • Migraine
  • Dementia
  • Diabetic neuropathy
  • Meningitis
  • Epilepsy
  • Neurological complications from preterm birth
  • Autism spectrum disorder
  • Nervous system cancers

Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of neurologic conditions that happens when a person's brain doesn't develop as expected or gets injured before, during or soon after birth. CP affects movement, posture and coordination, and can cause permanent disabilities [4].

Neurological disorders could be caused by genetic changes, atypical development of the nervous system, an injury or damage to parts of the nervous system, an infection, a tumor, or a stroke. The cause varies based on the type of neurological disorder. Some neurological disorders have unknown causes [2].

There are hundreds of neurological disorders that exist. They fall into several categories [2]:

  • Neurodegenerative conditions: Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease
  • Neuromuscular conditions: Muscular dystrophy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
  • Brain conditions: Epilepsy, migraines and headache disorders, stroke, traumatic brain injury
  • Spine conditions: Spina bifida, spinal cord injury, spinal muscular atrophy
  • Peripheral nerve conditions: Peripheral neuropathy, carpal tunnel syndrome, Bell's palsy

Some neurological disorders are grouped into more than one category depending on the symptoms they cause [2].

High-income countries have up to 70 times more neurological professionals per 100 000 people than low- and middle-income countries [1].

Under the regulations implementing the Americans with Disabilities Act, neurological and brain functions are major bodily functions. Disability includes a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more of the major life activities of an individual [3].

Mental health conditions belong under Mental Health / Psychological Conditions.

[1] “Over 1 in 3 people affected by neurological conditions, the leading cause of illness and disability worldwide.” World Health Organization.

[2] “Neurological Disorders.” Cleveland Clinic.

[3] “29 CFR 1630.2, Definitions.” Code of Federal Regulations.

[4] “Cerebral Palsy.” Cleveland Clinic.

Paralysis / Spinal Cord Injury

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is damage to the spinal cord, the bundle of nerves and nerve fibers that sends and receives signals from the brain. The spinal cord extends from the lower part of the brain down through the lower back. This damage can cause temporary or permanent changes in feeling, movement, strength, and body functions below the point where the injury happens [1].

Paralysis can be present at birth, for example with cerebral palsy or with birth defects such as spina bifida [3]. Motor vehicle accidents and serious falls are the most common causes of spinal cord injury in the United States. Other causes include [1]:

  • Acts of violence, mostly gunshot wounds and assaults
  • Sports injuries
  • Medical or surgical injuries
  • Industrial or workplace accidents
  • Diseases
  • Conditions that can damage the spinal cord

Spinal cord injuries are categorized based on level, type and severity. The level is denoted by the letter-and-number name of the vertebra at the injury site, such as C3, T2 or L4. The spinal column has [2]:

  • Seven cervical vertebrae (C1 through C7) in the neck
  • Twelve thoracic vertebrae (T1 through T12) in the upper back
  • Five lumbar vertebrae (L1 through L5) in the lower back
  • Five sacral vertebrae, fused to form the sacrum
  • The four vertebrae of the coccyx, or tailbone

Tetraplegia generally describes the condition of a person with an SCI that is at a level anywhere from the C1 vertebra down to the T1. Paraplegia describes the condition of people who have lost feeling in or are not able to move the lower parts of their body, usually from an SCI level at the T2 vertebra to the S5 [2].

The severity of a spinal cord injury is described as complete or incomplete [1]:

  • Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury: the spinal cord is still able to send some messages to or from the brain. People still have some feeling, function, and muscle control below the site of their injury
  • Complete Spinal Cord Injury: there is no nerve communication below the injury site. People lose muscle control, feeling, or function below the injury

The types of generalized paralysis are based on the extent of the paralysis [3]:

  • Paraplegia: paralysis affects both legs and sometimes the torso
  • Quadriplegia / Tetraplegia: paralysis affects all limbs and the torso, and people may have little or no movement from the neck down
  • Diplegia: paralysis affects the same area on both sides of the body, both arms, both legs or both sides of the face
  • Hemiplegia: paralysis affects one side of the body, an arm and a leg on the same side
  • Monoplegia: paralysis affects one limb, an arm or a leg

Bedsores are wounds that occur from prolonged pressure on the skin. People who are immobile for long periods, such as those who are bedridden or use a wheelchair, are most at risk for bedsores. These painful wounds, or pressure ulcers, can grow large and lead to infections. Other terms for them are decubitus ulcers, pressure injuries, pressure sores and pressure wounds [4].

Bedsores occur when pressure reduces or cuts off blood flow to the skin. This lack of blood flow can cause a pressure wound injury to develop in as little as two hours. Bedsores are more likely to develop when there is pressure along with moisture from sweat, urine or stool, or traction, the pulling or stretching of skin, from sliding down in an inclined bed or wheelchair [4].

People who have thinner skin and people who have limited or no ability to move are more likely to develop bedsores. These include people who are in a coma or a vegetative state, experience paralysis, use wheelchairs, or wear casts and splints or prosthetic devices [4]. Pressure injuries are most often a consequence of another disability rather than a disability on their own, and commonly follow paralysis and Mobility Impairment, and are more common among Seniors. They also develop where a prosthesis meets the skin, so they belong under Amputation / Limb Difference too.

Bedsores form most often on [4]:

  • Ankles
  • Back
  • Buttocks
  • Elbows
  • Heels
  • Hips
  • Tailbone

They can begin anywhere, though. For example, people who use oxygen therapy can develop pressure sores on the bridges of their noses, ears or the backs of their heads. Pressure ulcers can also form inside the mouth from ill-fitting dentures, intubations or mechanical ventilation [4], which belongs under Respiratory / Pulmonary too.

Bedsores can be painful and itchy, and some people who have dulled sensations are not able to feel them. At stage 1, the skin is red or pink, but there is not an open wound. It can be hard for people with darker skin to notice a color change. After a pressure sore has healed, the skin there is not as strong as it was [4].

Under the regulations implementing the Americans with Disabilities Act, the neurological system is a body system, and walking, standing, sitting and performing manual tasks are major life activities. Disability includes a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more of the major life activities of an individual [5].

[1] “Spinal Cord Injury.” National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke.

[2] “About Spinal Cord Injury.” National Institute of Child Health and Human Development.

[3] “Paralysis.” Cleveland Clinic.

[4] “Bedsores (Pressure Injuries).” Cleveland Clinic.

[5] “29 CFR 1630.2, Definitions.” Code of Federal Regulations.

Seniors

Age itself is not a disability. What increases with age is the likelihood of the conditions and functional difficulties that are.

Physical and mental capacity varies widely in later life, and there is no typical older person. Some 80-year-olds have physical and mental capacities similar to many 30-year-olds, while other people experience significant declines in capacities at much younger ages [1]. Those who survive to old age will experience increasing difficulties in functioning [2].

At the biological level, aging results from the impact of the accumulation of a wide variety of molecular and cellular damage over time. This leads to a gradual decrease in physical and mental capacity and a growing risk of disease. These changes are neither linear nor consistent [1].

Common conditions in older age include [1]:

  • Hearing loss
  • Cataracts and refractive errors
  • Back and neck pain, and osteoarthritis
  • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  • Diabetes
  • Depression
  • Dementia

As people age, they are more likely to experience several conditions at the same time [1]. Many of these are disabilities in their own right, which is why so many of these categories overlap in later life.

Older age is also characterized by the emergence of several complex health states commonly called geriatric syndromes. They are often the consequence of multiple underlying factors and include frailty, urinary incontinence, falls, delirium and pressure ulcers [1]. Pressure injuries are more common among people who have thinner skin and people who have limited or no ability to move, including people with Paralysis / Spinal Cord Injury [3].

Although some of the variations in older people's health are genetic, most are due to people's physical and social environments, including their homes, neighborhoods, and communities, as well as their personal characteristics such as their sex, ethnicity, or socioeconomic status [1].

Supportive physical and social environments also enable people to do what is important to them, despite losses in capacity. The availability of safe and accessible public buildings and transport, and places that are easy to walk around, are examples of supportive environments [1].

Older people are often assumed to be frail or dependent and a burden to society. Public health professionals, and society as a whole, need to address these and other ageist attitudes, which can lead to discrimination, affect the way policies are developed and the opportunities older people have to experience healthy aging [1].

[1] “Ageing and Health.” World Health Organization.

[2] “World Report on Disability.” World Health Organization.

[3] “Bedsores (Pressure Injuries).” Cleveland Clinic.

Short Stature

Short Stature is not only defined functionally by adult height, but also sociologically by whether a person identifies as disabled.

Short stature is height substantially below the average for a person's age and sex.

Little People of America defines dwarfism as a medical or genetic condition that usually results in an adult height of 4'10" or shorter, among both men and women, although in some cases a person with a dwarfing condition may be slightly taller than that [2]. Stature is the height of a person in a standing position [1].

Opinions vary within the dwarf community about whether or not the term disability applies. Little People of America embraces the idea that dwarfism is considered a disability and members should identify as such. Members should feel confident to identify themselves as disabled. Dwarfism is a recognized condition under the Americans with Disabilities Act [2].

Short stature conditions don't include familial short stature, short height that's thought of as a typical variation with typical bone development [1].

The most frequently diagnosed cause of short stature is achondroplasia, a genetic condition that results in disproportionately short arms and legs. The average height of adults with achondroplasia is 4'0" [2].

Other relatively common genetic conditions that result in disproportionate short stature include [2]:

  • Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia congenita (SEDc)
  • Diastrophic dysplasia
  • Pseudoachondroplasia
  • Hypochondroplasia
  • Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), characterized by fragile bones that fracture easily

Proportionate short stature, in which the arms, legs, trunk and head are in the same proportion to one another as in an average-size person, is often the result of a hormonal deficiency [2]. Turner syndrome results when a sex chromosome, the X chromosome, is missing or partially missing [1].

Although achondroplasia accounts for perhaps 70 percent of all cases of dwarfism, there are approximately 400 diagnosed types, and there are some individuals with dwarfism who never receive a definitive diagnosis and/or have a condition that is unique to themselves or their family [2].

Most often dwarfism is caused by gene changes, also called genetic variants. In many children it is due to a random change in a child's gene, and dwarfism can also be inherited due to a genetic variant in one or both parents. Other causes can include low levels of hormones and poor nutrition, and sometimes the cause is not known [1].

Under the regulations implementing the Americans with Disabilities Act, the musculoskeletal system is a body system and reaching is a major life activity. Disability includes a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more of the major life activities of an individual [3].

[1] “Dwarfism.” Mayo Clinic.

[2] “FAQ.” Little People of America.

[3] “29 CFR 1630.2, Definitions.” Code of Federal Regulations.

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